First
Cause
It was the martyrdom of Hazrat Usman. It was the first spark and
first successful attempt which was put into the Muslim unity by
the hypocrites and enemies of Islam.
Second Cause
It was the wars between Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Ayesha and Amir Muawaiya.
It was the first drop of oil which was put to the spark to blow
up into flame.
Third Cause
It was the martyrdom of Hazrat Imam Hussain. It was the last and
successful attempt of hypocrites to make that fire an encircling
flame which ruined for ever the unity of Muslims.
Fourth Cause
It was the downfall of Muslims State in Spain. Though it took place
due to the weakness of Muslim themselves but Christian States and
King Ferdinand also played their part. The downfall of Spain gave
a rude shock to Muslim prestige which lost its awe and image in
the eye of Christian world.
Fifth Cause
Fifth cause was Crusades. These wars beginning in 1096 continued
for more or less tow hundred years. Though the result of wars was
against the Christian, that, Jerusalem remained with Muslims and
during the end of the Crusades the Muslims snatched away from Christians
those parts of Syria which remained with them till then, but from
psychological point of view its evil effects to Muslims and benefit
to Christians could not be had in any other way. Muslims being free
from Christians engaged themselves in internecine wars. The Christians
exploited the situation in the form of their unity by forgetting
their religious renaissance which paved the way for their material
prosperity and growth. Over and above this they learnt the technique
of making better war material and their use, for example, new methods
of encircling the enemy; use of cannons; exploding mines which they
learnt from Muslims during the Crusade and the experience they got
through crusades and travel added to their wealth of information.
As trade follows wars, these people went to distant lands which
in the long run brought them face to face with eastern learning,
discovery of America and conquest of foreign lands and modern prosperity.
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